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Table 1 Species listed and under assessment for listing under the EPBC Act, as at 1 January 2021

Organism	Extinct	Extinct in the Wild	Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable	Conservation Dependent	Total
Birds	22	0	17	55	63	0	157
Mammals	39	0	9	41	57	0	146
Reptiles	1	0	9	20	31	0	61
Fish	0	1	8	20	25	8	62
Frogs	4	0	15	9	12	0	40
Other animals	1	0	30	23	13	0	67
All animals	67	1	88	168	201	8	533
Plants	37	0	206	556	586	0	1,385
All threatened species	104^a	1	294	724	787	8^a	1,918

EPBC Act = Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

Category is not a matter of national environmental significance.

Note: Includes all terrestrial, freshwater and marine species.

For more information, go toFlora and fauna

Table 2 State and territory native, endemic and threatened vascular plants

State or territory	Total native species	Endemic^a	Threatened (EX, EW, CR, EN, VU)
ACT	1,088^b	6	13^c
NSW	Not available	1,320	671^d
NT	4,418^e	735^e	81^f
Qld	8,639^g	3,629	775^h
SA	3,503ⁱ	488	385^j
Tas	1,920^k	533^k	458^lm
Vic	Not available	408	1,243^m
WA	11,606ⁿ	8,952	444^o

ACT = Australian Capital Territory; CR = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; EW = Extinct in the Wild; EX = Extinct; NSW = New South Wales; NT = Northern Territory; Qld = Queensland; SA = South Australia; Tas = Tasmania; Vic = Victoria; VU = Vulnerable; WA = Western Australia

Numbers are from Gallagher (2020a), unless otherwise noted.
See Lepschi et al. (2019)
See ACT Scientific Committee (2020)
See NSW Threatened Species Scientific Committee (2020)
See Cowie et al. (2017)
See FloraNT Northern Territory Flora Online (2015); the number was correct as at October 2021.
See Brown & Bostock (2020)
See DES (2021)
See eFloraSA Electronic Flora of South Australia (2021)
See eFloraSA Electronic Flora of South Australia (2021); note this listing is for ‘SA schedule 7: Endangered species (including Critically Endangered and Extinct species)’ and ‘Schedule 8: Vulnerable species’. It does not include ‘SA Schedule 9: Rare species’. The Rare category criteria are consistent with current IUCN definitions for the Near Threatened category, and encompass species in decline and those that naturally have a limited presence.
See de Salas & Baker (2019)
See NRE (2021)
Number was correct as at October 2021; see DELWP (2021).
See Florabase (2021); the number was correct as at June 2021.
See Threatened Species Scientific Committee (2018)

For more information, go toFlora and fauna

Table 3 High-impact environmental grass species in Australia

Species	Common name
Ammophila arenaria	Marram grass
Andropogon gayanus	Gamba grass
Anthoxanthum odoratum	Sweet vernal grass
Cenchrus ciliaris	Buffel grass
Cenchrus pedicellatus	Annual mission grass
Cenchrus polystachios	Perennial mission grass
Cenchrus setiger	Birdwood grass
Echinochloa polystachya	Aleman grass
Ehrharta calycina	Perennial veldtgrass
Eragrostis curvula	African love grass
Hymenachne amplexicaulis	Olive hymenachne
Hyparrhenia hirta	Tambookie grass; coolatai grass
Megathyrsus maximus	Guinea grass
Melinis minutiflora	Molasses grass
Spartina anglica	Common cordgrass; rice grass
Themeda quadrivalvis	Grader grass
Urochloa mutica	Para grass

Source: van Klinken & Friedel (2018)

For more information, go toInvasive species, problematic native species, and diseases

Table 4 Insects that cause environmental harm in Australia

Order	Species	Common name	Year of first detection
Hymenoptera	Apis mellifera	European honey bee	1820
Hymenoptera	Solenopsis geminata	Tropical fire ant	1863
Hymenoptera	Paratrechina longicornis	Black crazy ant	1886
Hymenoptera	Monomorium floricola	Floral ant	1910
Hymenoptera	Monomorium destructor	Singapore ant	1910
Hymenoptera	Pheidole megacephala	African big-headed ant	1911
Coleoptera	Heteronychus arator	African black beetle	1920
Hymenoptera	Linepithema humile	Argentine ant	1939
Hymenoptera	Vespula vulgaris	Common wasp	1959
Hymenoptera	Vespula germanica	European wasp	1959
Hymenoptera	Anoplolepis gracilipes	Yellow crazy ant	1975
Hymenoptera	Polistes chinensis	Asian paper wasp	1979
Hymenoptera	Megachile rotundata	Leafcutting bee	1987
Hymenoptera	Bombus terrestris	Large earth bumblebee	1992
Hymenoptera	Solenopsis invicta	Red imported fire ant	2001
Hymenoptera	Wasmannia auropunctata	Electric ant	2006
Hymenoptera	Apis cerana	Asian honey bee	2007

Source: Invasive Species Council & Monash University (2020)

For more information, go toInvasive species, problematic native species, and diseases

Table 5 Summary of results against targets of the Threatened Species Strategy 2015–20

Type of target	5-year target	Overall result	Summary
Species trajectory targets	20 priority birds have improved trajectories	Not met	21 bird species were listed as priority species. Over the strategy period: 6 species improved 6 species deteriorated 4 were reasonably stable 5 had trajectories that may have changed but not significantly so. Following the 2019–20 bushfires, 3 of the 21 priority bird species – the regent honeyeater (Anthochaera phrygia), the eastern bristlebird (Dasyornis brachypterus) and the western ground parrot (Pezoporus flaviventris) – were identified as priorities for urgent management intervention by the Wildlife and Threatened Species Bushfire Recovery Expert Panel. These species are now receiving targeted support for recovery.
	20 priority mammals have improved trajectories	Not met	20 mammal species were listed as priority species. Over the strategy period: 8 species improved 5 species deteriorated 1 was reasonably stable 6 had trajectories that may have changed but not significantly so. On-ground recovery actions to protect Australia’s mammals include monitoring, habitat restoration, and reducing the impact of predators such as feral cats and red foxes. Where threats in the wild are too great for threatened mammals to persist, establishing ex situ populations in predator-free safe havens has been supported through funding for captive breeding and translocation programs.
	30 priority plant species have improved trajectories	Not met	30 plant species were listed as priority species. Over the strategy period: 10 species improved 4 species deteriorated 16 species were reasonably stable or had a nonsignificant change in trajectory. Increasing monitoring efforts over 2015–20 led to discoveries of new populations of some plants, revealing them to be more common than originally assessed (e.g. Fitzgerald’s mulla-mulla – Ptilotus fasciculatus, which has since been de-listed under the EPBC Act, and the purple-flowered wattle – Acacia purpureopetala). For 4 of the 30 priority plant species, considerable doubts were raised about their taxonomic validity: Banksia vincentia, blue-top sun-orchid (Thelymitra cyanapicata), silver daisy bush (Olearia pannosa subsp. pannosa) and scaly-leaved featherflower (Verticordia spicata subsp. squamosa).
	100% of Australia’s known threatened plant species are stored in 1 or more of Australia’s conservation seed banks	Not met	Approximately 67% of Australia’s listed threatened species (930 of 1,373 species) are now stored in conservation seed banks. Recent research suggests that some of the remaining species may not be amenable to traditional seed-banking methods. Although some threatened species are represented by multiple collections of suitable size, many species are represented by collections of fewer than 500 seeds.
	Recovery actions underway for at least 50 plants	Met	Recovery actions are underway for all 30 plant species targeted by the strategy. The 5-year report notes that hundreds of other listed plant species also have recovery actions underway through a range of government and nongovernment programs and initiatives.
	Recovery actions underway for at least 60 threatened ecological communities	Met	Recovery actions are underway for more than 60 threatened ecological communities through programs such as 20 Million Trees (at least 54 sites), Regional Land Partnerships (32 different communities) and bushfire recovery programs (16 priority threatened ecological communities).
Feral cat targets	Feral cats eradicated from 5 islands	Not met	Eradication was achieved on Dirk Hartog Island in Western Australia only. Progress has been made towards eradication on Bruny Island, French Island, Kangaroo Island and Christmas Island. Funding to support eradication efforts continues through the Regional Land Partnerships and Environment Restoration Fund programs through to June 2023.
	10 feral-free mainland exclosures established	Met	Between July 2015 and July 2020, 10 feral cat-free mainland exclosures were completed or were in the final stages of completion. In 2019, the Australian Government boosted efforts to establish a national network of safe havens through a $10 million commitment under the Environment Restoration Fund. The commitment includes a focus on increasing the number of species not currently represented in the safe havens network, drawing on research from the National Environmental Science Program Threatened Species Recovery Hub.
	10 million hectares of best-practice feral cat management	Met	Feral cat control has been undertaken (at least once) across more than 18 million hectares. Feral cat management has focused on delivering humane and best-practice control across high conservation value areas. This includes the repetitive deployment of feral cat control tools so that feral cat densities are maintained at low levels, reducing predation pressure on recovering native wildlife.
	Best-practice feral cat action implemented across 2 million hectares of Commonwealth land	Partially met	Best-practice feral cat control has been implemented across more than 1.9 million hectares of Commonwealth land, including Department of Defence and Parks Australia estates.
	2 million feral cats culled	Partially met	The estimated number of cats culled over the 5-year strategy is nearly 1.6 million. When the target to cull 2 million feral cats was set in 2015, the national feral cat population was estimated to be 15–20 million cats. Research under the National Environmental Science Program Threatened Species Recovery Hub has since revised down the estimate of feral cats to 2.1 million when environmental conditions limit available resources, and up to 6.3 million in times of plenty. This has increased the level of difficulty in meeting this target. Shooters, hunters and farmers are estimated to be the most significant cohort of feral cat cullers, removing more than 85% of the cats culled over the 5-year period.
Improved recovery practices targets	All states and territories operate under the common assessment methodology for species listing	Met	All jurisdictions are actively involved in implementing the Common Assessment Method.
Improved recovery practices targets	Based on updated work plans, effective and up-to-date recovery plans, conservation advices and threat abatement plans are in place for all priority species and threats	Not met	All listed priority threatened species had a recovery plan and/or conservation advice in force but not all were up to date as of 30 June 2020. Up-to-date plans (that were approved or updated within the 5-year period) were in place for 9 mammals, 13 birds and 10 plants as of 30 June 2020.

For more information, go toManagement approaches